Perhaps, fermions and bosons can interchange using a new force {technicolor theory}| {supersymmetry} {Supersymmetric Standard Model} (SSM). Fermions and bosons have quarks, which are fermions. Supersymmetry unites half-integer-spin fermions and integer-spin bosons.
fermion
Particles with odd number of quarks are fermions, which have half-integer spins. Fermions have negative ground-state energy.
boson
Particles with even number of quarks are bosons, which have integer spins. Bosons have positive ground-state energy.
stability
Fermion-boson interaction can cancel ground-state energies, leaving small stable energies.
force
Fermions and bosons can have a new force. The new exchange particles have 1000-GeV energies, with range from 10^2 GeV to 10^16 GeV. Because force strength depends on particle energy, the new force is the strongest force.
spin: superpartner
Particles pair with massive superpartners with spin 1/2 more or less than particle spin. Fermions have boson superpartners, such as squark, sneutrino, and selectron. Bosons have fermion superpartners, such as gravitino, higgsino, photino, gluino, wino, and zino.
spin: change and symmetry
Perhaps, besides space, time, and orientation symmetries, angular-momentum components {spin symmetry} can unite all forces and particles.
spin: space dimensions
Supersymmetry spin change requires extra spatial dimensions {Grassmann dimension, spin}.
spin: symmetry
Supersymmetry uses graded Lie algebra {superalgebra}.
detection
Instruments have not yet detected superpartners or fermion decay to bosons. Perhaps, universe origin had supersymmetry but universe now has broken symmetry.
hierarchy problem
At 10^16 GeV, all forces except gravitation are equal in strength. At 10^18 GeV, all forces are equal in strength. Why is this unifying energy so high (hierarchy problem)? Supersymmetry uses high energies and can resolve this problem.
supergravity
Supersymmetry applies to flat space-time Yang-Mills-field strong and weak nuclear forces and to electromagnetic fields, but can extend to gravity.
Standard Model
Supersymmetry can add to Standard Model. Standard-Model particles have superpartners {Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model}.
In a supersymmetry model {interacting boson model}| [Arima and Iachello, 1975], atomic nuclei can have nucleon pairs. Even numbers of protons and neutrons, as in platinum, can have three dynamical-symmetry classes. Even numbers of protons and odd numbers of neutrons, and vice versa, and odd numbers of protons and numbers, relate to even-even case. Interacting bosons make nuclei behavior independent of particles and of special relativity, except for mass. If boson and fermion numbers are constant, supersymmetry can predict odd-odd case for heavy atoms, such as gold 196 with 79 p and 117 n, which has doublet ground state.
5-Physics-Quantum Mechanics-Theory-Quantum Relativity-Theories
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Date Modified: 2022.0225